Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biotechnologies des Plantes (BBP), Université Cadi Ayyad, Faculté des Sciences-Semlalia, Marrakech, Morocco.
Date palm cultivar composition of Moroccan palm groves as revealed by leaf isoenzyme phenotypes.
Date production (quantity and quality) is always related to cultivar composition of the palm groves. Cultivated varieties are generally identified by their fruit characteristics (shape, weight, colour, aspect of skin, consistency, texture, etc.). All of these criteria could easily be modified by the conditions of date palm culture. Their appearance take about 6 years of culture (slow flowering and fruiting).
Based on isoenzyme electrophoresis, 28 reputed cultivars of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), previously characterized by morphological characters, were identified using the more variable enzyme systems in the date palm: esterases (EST), endopeptidases (ENP) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), which showed, respectively, eight, six and seven electrophoretic phenotypes in leaf material.
The phenotype combinations lead to an isoenzyme-based key for date palm cultivar determination. Cultivar composition of 11 date palm groves, differing in their geographical origins, were compared. Unidentified material represented about 67% (+11%) of each date palm grove with the exception of populations at M'hamid and Rissani. This result confirmed the predominance of date palms derived from germinated seeds and called locally 'khalts'. The most frequent cultivars within the 11 date palm groves were Jihel and Bou-Feggouss, which exhibit good fruit qualities.
Based on the cultivar composition of each population, the factorial component analysis showed that the Marrakech date palm grove, situated at the northern side of High Atlas, was related to date palm groves of Skoura, Ait Atman, Ksar Jdid and Ksar Sifa.
Date palm populations of Zagora, M'hamid and Rissani, eachrepresented a unique type, were characterized by cultivars Bou-Sthammi Noire, Bou-Skri (and Iklane) and Bou-Feggouss, respectively. Cultivar compositions of date palm groves, determined separately on the basis of isoenzymes phenotypes and fruit qualities, were compared and discussed. For more details see Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 26 (1998) , 71-82
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS,
COMUNICATIONS AND THESIS.
PUBLICATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS
AZEQOUR, M., AMSSA, M. &
BAAZIZ, M. 2002. Identification de la variabilité intra-clonale
des vitroplants de palmier dattier issus de culture in vitro par organogenèse.
Etude morphologique. C. R. Biologies 325, 947-956.
MAJOURHAT, K., BENDIAB, K.,
MEDRAOUI, L. & M.BAAZIZ. 2002. Diversity
of leaf peroxidases in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L) as revealed
in an example of marginal (seedling-derived) palm groves. Scientia Horticulturae
95, 31-38.
AZEQOUR, M.,MAJOURHAT, K. & BAAZIZ, M. 2002.
Morphological variations and isoenzyme polymorphism
of date palm clones from in vitro culture acclimatized and established
on soil in south Morocco. Euphytica
123, 57-66.
BAAZIZ, M. 2000.
Date
palm culture in the Maghreb countries. Constraints
and scientific researches. Date palm International Symposium. Windhoek,
Namibia, 22-25 February.
MAJOURHAT,
K., BENDIAB, K. & BAAZIZ, M. 1999.
Etude comparative des palmiers dattiers mâles et femelles de la région
de Marrakech réalisée sur la base des phénotypes isoenzymatiques des
estérases, peroxydases et endopeptidases. Al
Awamia 100, 41-49.
BENDIAB, K., BAAZIZ, M., MAJOURHAT, K. & MOKHLISSE, N. 1999.
Apport des marqueurs biohimiques et moléculaires dans l'étude de la
structure génétique des palmeraies marocaines. In: Biotehnologies,
amélioration des plantes et sécurité alimentaire. Actualités scientifiques,
AUPELF-UREF, Ed. ESTEM, Paris. pp. 277-282.
BENDIAB,
K., BAAZIZ, M. & MAJOURHAT, K. 1998.
Preliminary date palm cultivar composition of Moroccan palm groves as
revealed by leaf isoenzyme phenotypes. Biochemical
Systematic and Ecology 26, 71-82.
BAAZIZ, M., MOKHLISSE, N., BENDIAB, K., KOULLA, L., AOUAD, A.,HDADOU,
H. & MAJOURHAT, K. 1996.
Peroxidases as markers in date palm culture.
In: Plant peroxidases, biochemistry and physiology. C. Obinger,
U. Burner, R. Ebermann, C. Penel, H. Greppin Eds. University of Agriculture,
Vienna and University of Geneva. pp.298-302.
EL HADRAMI, I., CHEIKH, R. & BAAZIZ, M. 1995.
Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from shoot-tip explants
in Phoenix dctylifera L.. Biologia Plantarum 37,205-211.
EL HADRAMI, I. & BAAZIZ, M. 1995.
Somatic embryogenesis and analysis of peroxidases in Phoenix dactylifera
L.. Biologia
Plantarum 37, 197-203.
BAAZIZ, M., BENDIAB,
K. 1994.
Amélioration génétique du palmier dattier assistée par les marqueurs
biochimiques et moléculaires. In: Quel avenir pour l'amélioration
desplantes? AUPRL-UREF, Ed. John Libbey Eurotext, Paris. pp.413-422.
BAAZIZ, M., AISSAM, S., BRAKEZ, Z., EL HADRAMI, I. & CHEIKH, R.
1994. Electrophoretic
patterns of acid soluble proteins and active isoforms of peroxidase
and polyphenoloxidase typifying calli and somatic embryos of two reputed
date palm cultivars in Morocco. Euphytica 76, 159-168.
EL HOUMAIZI, M.A., SAAIDI, M. & BAAZIZ, M. 1993.
Etude morphologique et isoenzymatique de six cultivars de palmier dattier
cultivés à Marrakech et Zagora. Al
Awamia 82, 151-164.
BENDIAB, K., BAAZIZ, M., BRAKEZ, Z. & SEDRA My H. 1993.
Correlation of isoenzyme polymorphism and Bayoud-disease resistance
in date palm cultivars and progeny. Euphytica 65, 23-32.
BAAZIZ, M., BENDIAB, K., BRAKEZ, Z. & AIT CHITT, M. 1993.Le
polymorphisme enzymatique du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera
L.) utilisé comme marqueur de la conformité génétique des vitro-plants.In:
Le progrès génétique passe-t-il par le repérage et l'inventaire
des gènes ?. AUPELF-UREF Ed. John Libbey Eurotext, Paris. pp.155-158.
BAAZIZ, M. 1989. The
activity and preliminary characterization of peroxidases in leaves of
cultivars of date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L. New Phytologist
111, 403-411.
BAAZIZ, M. & SAAIDI, M. 1988.
Prelimiary identification of date palm cultivars by esterase isoenzymes
and peroxidase activities. Canadian Journal of Botany 66, 89-93.
PRINCIPAL THESIS
MAJOURHAT,
K. 2002. Etudes des aspects quantitatif et qualitatif des peroxydases
et des polyphénoloxydases du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera
L.). Contribution à l'étude de la diversité génétique
de la palmeraie de Marrakech et des nouvelles plantations. Thèse
de Doctorat en Biologie. Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech (Morocco).
BENDIAB, K. 1998. Contribution
à l'étude de la variabilité des hydrolases et des transférases
chez le palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Apport à l'amélioration
et l'étude de la structure génétique des palmeraies marocaines. Doctorat
d'Etat en Biologie, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marakech (Morocco).
EL HADRAMI, I. 1995.
L'embryogenèse somatique chez Phoenix dactylifera L.: quelques
facteurs limitants et marqueurs biochimiques. Thèse de Doctorat d'Etat
ès-Sciences. Université
Cadi Ayyad, Marakech (Morocco).
BRAKEZ, Z. 1993.
Oxydation des phénols chez le palmier dattier. Les peroxydases et les
polyphénoloxydases co-extraites, marqueurs potentiels dans la culture
de la plante et sa résistance à la maladie du Bayoud. Diplôme d'Etudes
Supérieures, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech (Morocco).
BENDIAB,
K. 1992.
Contribution à l'étude de la variabilité enzymatique et protéique chez
le palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Apport dans l'amélioration
génétique de la plante. Diplôme d'Etudes Supérieurs, Université Cadi
Ayyad, Marrakech (Morocco).
PRINCIPAL REPORTS
MEDRAOUI, L. 2000. Contribution à l'étude de la diversité génétique du palmier dattier(Phoenix dactylifera L.) par les marqueurs biochimiques et moléculaires. Optimisation des techniques d'extraction et de séparation des protéines, des enzymes et des acides nucléiques. Diplôme d'Etudes Supérieures Approfondies. Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech (Morocco).